Assessment of Solar Powered Water Pumping System Challenges for Rural Water Supply: A Case of Pinyudo Town of Gambella, Ethiopia

Abstract

In Ethiopia, solar-powered water pumping systems (SPWPS) present a promising solution for rural water supply, yet they encounter challenges such as inconsistent energy availability, high initial costs, limited technical expertise, and difficulty accessing maintenance. Solar energy has thus become a practical alternative for groundwater pumping in regions affected by frequent power shortages, such as Gambella-Pinyudo. However, differences in system design and the lack of a standardized implementation framework have resulted in performance challenges. This study aimed to assess the challenges of solar-powered water systems, focusing on design inconsistencies, socio-environmental impacts, operational limitations, and community engagement. Research data was collected from the respondents via semi-structured interviews, open-ended questions, survey questionnaires, document reviews, and direct field observations. The data analysis proceeded with descriptive analysis, reliability & normality tests, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), Comparative Analysis (CA), and a Spearman correlation. Accordingly, the study revealed that the intertwined miscellaneous challenges include technical issues, design inconsistencies, operator skill gaps, guideline non- compliance, and socio-environmental impacts like land acquisition and wildlife disruption. Regarding the design tools, Grundfos' designs are the most efficient, followed by MoWE, WM, and Lorentz design tool. The research identified various challenges affecting the solar- powered water supply system for rural communities, such as deforestation risks and malfunctioning solar arrays, with several SPWPS units reported as non-operational. The community also faced management challenges, including inconsistent performance and maintenance difficulties. However, strong community engagement fostered ownership despite technical issues affecting user satisfaction. So, it was concluded that the solar power-driven water supply system offers benefits to rural communities, but addressing technical, operational, and socio-environmental challenges is crucial for long-term success. A holistic approach with community involvement is key to improving system performance and effectiveness.