Transforming Linseed Stalk Residue into Crystalline Nanocellulose as a Nanofiller for Polylactic Acid-Based Bio nanocomposite Filament in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Abstract

Agricultural Crop Residues Are Non-Consumable Components Of Crops That Remain After The Harvest Of The Primary Agricultural Product. Globally, Agricultural Practices Generate Vast Quantities Of Crop Residues Annually. Among The Agricultural Crops, Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum), Also Known As Flaxseed, Is An Important Oilseed Crop Mainly Cultivated For Its Seed. While The Seeds Are Widely Used, The Residual Stalks Generated After Seed Harvesting Remains Underutilized In Most Regions, Often Viewed As Agricultural Waste Rather Than A Resource. Traditionally, These Residues Have Been Disposed Of Through Open Burning, Contributing To Environmental Issues Such As Air Pollution, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, And Soil Degradation. However, Increasing Awareness Of Sustainability, Climate Change, Proper Waste Management And Resource Optimization Has Driven Interest In The Valorization Of Agricultural Residues To Value Added Resources. In Light Of The Escalating Demand For Environmentally Sustainable, Biodegradable And High?�?Performance Filament Materials In The Fdm Based 3d Printing, Bio Nanocomposite Materials Become The Best Alternatives To Synthetic Polymers And Polymer Composite Materials. Therefore, This Study Investigates The Conversion Of Linseed Stalk Residue Into Cnc, Which Used As A Nano Filler In Pla Filament For Fdm 3d Printing. The Study Encompasses Raw Linseed Stalks Were Subjected To Varying Durations Of Water Retting To Determine The Optimal Condition For Fiber Extraction. Fibers That Have Been Retted Under Different Conditions, Were Evaluated For Their Tensile And Physical Properties Using Single-Fiber Tensile Testing And Om. The Optimally Extracted Fibers Were Further Treated Through A Series Of Chemical Treatments Including Dewaxing, Alkalization, And Bleaching To Investigate The Effects Of These Treatments On Their Physical, Chemical, And Thermal Properties, Analyzed Using Ftir And Tga/Dtg. Mc Was Extracted Through Multistep Pretreatment Processes And Subjected To Acid Hydrolysis And Post-Treatment Processes To Isolate Cnc. Both Mc And Cnc Samples Were Characterized Using Ftir, Sem/Tem, Xrd, And Tga/Dtg/Dta. Pla/Cnc Nanocomposites Were Then Formulated With Varying Cnc Loadings Through Solvent Casting. The Resulting Bio Nanocomposites Were Characterized To Evaluate Structural, Chemical Composition, Morphological, And Thermal Properties Using Ftir, Sem, Xrd, And Tga/Dtg/Dsc. Pla/Cnc-Coated Filaments Were Prepared And Used To Fabricate Test Specimens Via Fdm 3d Printing. Finally, The Pla/Cnc Filaments And Printed Parts Were Evaluated For Tensile Performance And Fracture Morphology In Comparison To Neat Pla, Using A Utm And Sem Analysis To Assess The Mechanical Enhancements Achieved Through Cnc Reinforcement. The Results Reveal That Water Retting For A Duration Of 216 H At Ambient Temperature Optimizes The Quality Of Fiber. The Extracted Fiber Has A Potential Cellulose Content Of 68% For Cellulose Extraction And A Purified Mc With 70% Yield Was Obtained Through A Multistep Pretreatments Processes For Cnc Isolation. The Isolated Rod?�?Like Cnc Demonstrated Notable Physical Attributes, Specifically A Yield Of 79.87%, A Diameter Of 7.06 Nm, A Length Of 66.14 Nm, And An Aspect Ratio Of 10.02, Accompanied By Commendable Crystallinity And Thermal Stability. In The Context Of The Nanocomposite, Cnc Was Effectively Integrated Into Pla At A Concentration Of 3% Compared To 1% And 5 %, Which Enhanced Dispersion And Compatibility, Thereby Leading To Property Improvements. Finally, The Pla/Cnc?�?Coated Filament Was Effectively Printed, Resulting In Enhanced Tensile Strength And Elongation Of The 3d Printed Pla/Cnc Composite, With Values Recorded At 26.72 Mpa And 28.87%, Respectively. The Study Underscores The Environmental And Technological Advantages Of Utilizing Biodegradable Bio-Nanocomposites By Recycling Agricultural Crop Residue Into Value Added Bio Based Nano Filler. The Integration Of Nanotechnology Through Compatible, Renewable Nanofiller Not Only Enhances The Performance Of Bio Nanocomposites But Also Aligns With The Principles Of Sustainable Development. These Advancements Promote The Use Of Entirely Biobased, High-Performance Composite Materials In Fdm 3d Printing, Supporting The Transition Towards A Circular Bioeconomy.