Production of Bio-Lubricant from Citrullus Colocynthis (Bitter Apple) Seed Oil by Two Step Process

Abstract

Bio-Lubricants Are Functional Fluids Made From Seed Oils And Animal Oils. Bio-LubricantsCould Be Applying To All Lubricants That Are Both Rapidly Biodegradable And Non-Toxic ToHumans And Aquatic Environments. Environmental Problems Caused By Petroleum BasedLubricants And The Depletion Of Oil Reserves That Have Led To The Need For Renewable And Biodegradable Lubricants That Derived From Alternative Sources. Bio-Lubricants Have Several Advantages Over Mineral Oil Lubricants Such As High Biodegradability, Low Toxicity, Excellent Lubricating Performance, And Minimal Impact On The Environment And Human Health. This Aimed To Develop And Evaluate A Biodegradable Lubricant-Grade Ester Using A Citrullus Colocynthis (Bitter Apple) Seed Oil As Primary Feedstock. To Synthesis Bio-Lubricant, First Crude Oil Was Extracted. Response Surface Methodology Was Applied To Extract Citrullus Colocynthis Seed Oil From This Plant Seed To Optimize The Extraction Parameters Such As Extraction Temperature (78-90 Oc), Extraction Time (3-6 Hr.), And Ethanol-To-Solid Ratio(10:1-30:1 Ml/G). The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Was Synthesized From Extracted Crude Oil At A Temperature Of 60 Oc, A Reaction Time Of 1 Hour, A Molar Ratio Of Oil To Methanol 1:6, And 1% W/W Naoh As A Catalyst Via First Transesterification. The Bio-Lubricant Was Synthesized By Double Transesterification Of Fame With Ethylene Glycol, Using Sodium Hydroxide As A Catalyst. The Effect Of Reaction Temperature (160,170, &180 Oc), Ethylene Glycol To Fame Ratio (1:1,2:1&3;1), And Catalyst Loading (0.5%,1% &2% W/W) Was Analyzed. The Extracted Seed Oil, Synthesized Fame, And Bio-Lubricant Were Confirmed By Ftir, And Tga, Analysis.In Addition, The Extracted Oil Was Analyzed By Gc-Ms, Whereas The Synthesized Fame Was Analyzed By Nmr. The Optimum Extraction Conditions, Obtained By The Rsm Were Extraction Temperature Of 84 Oc, Extraction Time Of 4.5 Hrs., And Ethanol To Solid Ratio Of 20:1 Resulted In Oil Yield (Y1) Of 52.1%. The Maximum Yield Of Bio-Lubricant Obtained Was Also 92.15% AtA Reaction Temperature Of 170 Oc, Ethylene Glycol/Fame Molar Ratio 3:1, And Catalyst Concentration 1%W/W, Reaction Time Of 120 Minutes. The Viscosity Of Synthesized Bio Lubricant At 40 And 100 Oc Was 408.45 Cst And 66.62 Cst Respectively. Similarly, A Viscosity Index Of 239 Was Obtained. Based On This, It Can Be Categorized Under Gear Lubricant Oil. It Also Had Some Properties Better Than Petroleum Lubricant: - (Flash Point 272 Oc, And The Density Of 0.947 G/Cm3, Which Was Good As Astm D 6751 Standard. The Synthesized Bio Lubricant Had A Good Surface Roughness Of 1.49 ??M, During The Machining Process Compared To Water, Mineral Oil, And Dry Cutting Processes. Therefore, As Mainly Proposed, This Study Showed That Bio-Lubricant From Citrullus Colocynthis Seed Oil Has A Great Potential To Obtain Lubricants With High Surface Finish, And Better Physicochemical Properties.